POLITIKA ACADEMIA

  ABSTRACT What gives truth to the things known, and the power to know to the knower is the form of the good. Though precisely, we all know that it is the cause of knowledge and truth, it is also an object of knowledge. Both knowledge and truth are beautiful things but the good is other and more beautiful than they. In order to understand this, let us refer to the given instance; In the visible realm, light and sight are rightly considered sunlike, but it is wrong to think that they are the sun, so here it is right to think of knowledge and truth as good like, but wrong to think that either of them is the good-for the good is yet more prized. The good, then, is something like a self-illuminating object that can shed the intelligible analogue of light on other objects of knowledge -other paradigms-in such a way as to render them intelligible: it is an intelligible object that is somehow a condition of the intelligibility of other things. In regard to understand it more clearly, we n...

INTRODUCTION Isaiah Berlin was one of the twentieth century’s most significant intellectual defenders of liberty and liberalism. A prolific essayist, Berlin wrote on topics ranging from philosophy and the history of ideas to Russian literature. The most important tradeoff of ideas can be traced in  Berlin’s Conceptions of liberty in Berlin’s essay, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” the Chichele Inaugural Lecture he delivered in 1958.   The idea of distinguishing between a negative and positive sense of ‘Liberty’, goes back to the Kantian period and in later years examined & defended in depth by Isaiah Berlin in the 1950s & 1960s. In his famous essay “Two Concepts of Liberty”, first established in 1958, Isaiah Berlin called these two concepts of liberty- negative & positive freedom.  Berlin showed negative and positive freedom not merely as two distinct kinds of liberties but described them as rivals, incompatible interpretations of a single political ideal. The te...

IMMANUEL KANT  Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is the central figure in modern philosophy. He synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy, and continues to exercise a significant influence today in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields. The fundamental idea of Kant’s “critical philosophy” – especially in his three Critiques: the Critique of Pure Reason (1781, 1787), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790) – is human autonomy. He argues that human understanding is the source of the general laws of nature that structure all our experience; and that human reason gives itself the moral law, which is our basis for belief in God, freedom, and immortality. Therefore, scientific knowledge, morality, and religious belief are mutually consistent and secure because they all rest on the same foundation of human au...